feat: Add code quality improvements and infrastructure

[sagebeme]

• Add core infrastructure modules (exceptions, logger, retry, progress, config validator)
• Fix all bare exception handlers with specific exception types
• Improve database connection handling with context managers
• Add retry logic with exponential backoff for network operations
• Enhance error handling and logging throughout codebase
• Add configuration validation
• Add type hints to core modules
• Update README with improvements documentation
• Add verification scripts and documentation

All improvements maintain backward compatibility and have been verified.

[sagebeme]

Small updates done over the past week