Fix assign_coords resetting all dimension coords to default index

doc/whats-new.rst

@@ -65,6 +65,8 @@ Bug fixes
   By `Michael Niklas <https://github.com/headtr1ck>`_.
 - Fix multiple reads on fsspec S3 files by resetting file pointer to 0 when reading file streams (:issue:`6813`, :pull:`7304`).
   By `David Hoese <https://github.com/djhoese>`_ and `Wei Ji Leong <https://github.com/weiji14>`_.
+- Fix :py:meth:`Dataset.assign_coords` resetting all dimension coordinates to default (pandas) index (:issue:`7346`, :pull:`7347`).
+  By `Benoît Bovy <https://github.com/benbovy>`_.
 
 Documentation
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~

xarray/core/merge.py

@@ -355,12 +355,12 @@ def append_all(variables, indexes):
 
         for name, variable in mapping.items():
             if isinstance(variable, DataArray):
-                coords = variable._coords.copy()  # use private API for speed
-                indexes = dict(variable._indexes)
+                coords_ = variable._coords.copy()  # use private API for speed
+                indexes_ = dict(variable._indexes)
                 # explicitly overwritten variables should take precedence
-                coords.pop(name, None)
-                indexes.pop(name, None)
-                append_all(coords, indexes)
+                coords_.pop(name, None)
+                indexes_.pop(name, None)
+                append_all(coords_, indexes_)
 
             variable = as_variable(variable, name=name)
             if name in indexes:
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ def merge_coords(
     aligned = deep_align(
         coerced, join=join, copy=False, indexes=indexes, fill_value=fill_value
     )
-    collected = collect_variables_and_indexes(aligned)
+    collected = collect_variables_and_indexes(aligned, indexes=indexes)
     prioritized = _get_priority_vars_and_indexes(aligned, priority_arg, compat=compat)
     variables, out_indexes = merge_collected(collected, prioritized, compat=compat)
     return variables, out_indexes

xarray/tests/test_dataset.py

@@ -4170,6 +4170,20 @@ def test_assign_all_multiindex_coords(self) -> None:
             is not actual.xindexes["level_2"]
         )
 
+    def test_assign_coords_custom_index_side_effect(self) -> None:
+        # test that assigning new coordinates do not reset other dimension coord indexes
+        # to default (pandas) index (https://github.com/pydata/xarray/issues/7346)
+        class CustomIndex(PandasIndex):
+            pass
+
+        ds = (
+            Dataset(coords={"x": [1, 2, 3]})
+            .drop_indexes("x")
+            .set_xindex("x", CustomIndex)
+        )
+        actual = ds.assign_coords(y=[4, 5, 6])
+        assert isinstance(actual.xindexes["x"], CustomIndex)
+
     def test_merge_multiindex_level(self) -> None:
         data = create_test_multiindex()