Broken Roles

In Scratch Orgs without sample data ("hasSampleData": true), the existing UserRoles (CEO, ...) are broken and cannot be assigned to a user.

In the UI, this looks like this:

When running Apex

UserRole role = [SELECT Id, Name FROM UserRole WHERE Name = 'CEO' LIMIT 1];
update new User(Id = UserInfo.getUserId(), UserRoleId = role.Id);

you'll get the following error:

System.DmlException: Update failed. First exception on row 0 with id 0055t000003Ic5wAAC; first error: INVALID_CROSS_REFERENCE_KEY, invalid cross reference id: []

Important

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References

• https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/questions/257286/sfdx-setting-role-for-user-user

Workarounds

• Deploy new Roles via Metadata
• Recreate existing Roles
• use "hasSampleData": true