Auto merge of rust-lang#121848 - lcnr:stabilize-next-solver, r=<try>

stabilize `-Znext-solver=coherence`

r? `@compiler-errors`

---

This PR stabilizes the use of the next generation trait solver in coherence checking by enabling `-Znext-solver=coherence` by default. More specifically its use in the *implicit negative overlap check*. The tracking issue for this is rust-lang#114862.

## Background

### The next generation trait solver

The new solver lives in [`rustc_trait_selection::solve`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/solve/mod.rs) and is intended to replace the existing *evaluate*, *fulfill*, and *project* implementation. It also has a wider impact on the rest of the type system, for example by changing our approach to handling associated types.

For a more detailed explanation of the new trait solver, see the [rustc-dev-guide](https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/solve/trait-solving.html). This does not stabilize the current behavior of the new trait solver, only the behavior impacting the implicit negative overlap check. There are many areas in the new solver which are not yet finalized. We are confident that their final design will not conflict with the user-facing behavior observable via coherence. More on that further down.

### Coherence and the implicit negative overlap check

Coherence checking detects any overlapping impls. Overlapping trait impls always error while overlapping inherent impls result in an error if they have methods with the same name. Coherence also results in an error if any other impls could exist, even if they are currently unknown. This affects impls which may get added to upstream crates in a backwards compatible way and impls from downstream crates.

Coherence failing to detect overlap is generally considered to be unsound, even if it is difficult to actually get runtime UB this way. It is quite easy to get ICEs due to bugs in coherence.

It currently consists of two checks:

The [orphan check] validates that impls do not overlap with other impls we do not know about: either because they may be defined in a sibling crate, or because an upstream crate is allowed to add it without being considered a breaking change.

The [overlap check] validates that impls do not overlap with other impls we know about. This is done as follows:
- Instantiate the generic parameters of both impls with inference variables
- Equate the `TraitRef`s of both impls. If it fails there is no overlap.
- [implicit negative]: Check whether any of the instantiated `where`-bounds of one of the impls definitely do not hold when using the constraints from the previous step. If a `where`-bound does not hold, there is no overlap.
- *explicit negative (still unstable, ignored going forward)*: Check whether the any negated `where`-bounds can be proven, e.g. a `&mut u32: Clone` bound definitely does not hold as an explicit `impl<T> !Clone for &mut T` exists.

The overlap check has to *prove that unifying the impls does not succeed*. This means that **incorrectly getting a type error during coherence is unsound** as it would allow impls to overlap: coherence has to be *complete*.

Completeness means that we never incorrectly error. This means that during coherence we must only add inference constraints if they are definitely necessary. During ordinary type checking [this does not hold](https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=01d93b592bd9036ac96071cbf1d624a9), so the trait solver has to behave differently, depending on whether we're in coherence or not.

The implicit negative check only considers goals to "definitely not hold" if they could not be implemented downstream, by a sibling, or upstream in a backwards compatible way. If the goal is is "unknowable" as it may get added in another crate, we add an ambiguous candidate: [source](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/bea5bebf3defc56e5e3446b4a95c685dbb885fd3/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/solve/assembly/mod.rs#L858-L883).

[orphan check]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/fd80c02c168c2dfbb82c29d2617f524d2723205b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/coherence.rs#L566-L579
[overlap check]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/fd80c02c168c2dfbb82c29d2617f524d2723205b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/coherence.rs#L92-L98
[implicit negative]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/fd80c02c168c2dfbb82c29d2617f524d2723205b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/coherence.rs#L223-L281

## Motivation

Replacing the existing solver in coherence fixes soundness bugs by removing sources of incompleteness in the type system. The new solver separately strengthens coherence, resulting in more impls being disjoint and passing the coherence check. The concrete changes will be elaborated further down. We believe the stabilization to reduce the likelihood of future bugs in coherence as the new implementation is easier to understand and reason about.

It allows us to remove the support for coherence and implicit-negative reasoning in the old solver, allowing us to remove some code and simplifying the old trait solver. We will only remove the old solver support once this stabilization has reached stable, to make sure we're able to quickly revert in case any unexpected issues are detected before then.

Stabilizing the use of the next-generation trait solver expresses our confidence that it's current behavior is intended and our work towards enabling its use everywhere will not require any breaking changes to the areas used by coherence checking. We are also confident that we will be able to replace the existing solver everywhere, as maintaining two separate systems adds a significant maintainance burden.

## User-facing impact and reasoning

### Breakage due to improved handling of associated types

The new solver fixes multiple issues related to associated types. As these issues caused coherence to consider more types distinct, fixing them results in more overlap errors. This is therefore a breaking change.

#### Structurally relating aliases containing bound vars

fixes rust-lang#102048

In the existing solver relating ambiguous projections containing bound variables is structural. This is *incomplete* and allows overlapping impls. These was mostly not exploitable as the same issue also caused impls to not apply when trying to use them. The new solver defers alias-relating to a nested goal, fixing this issue:
```rust
// revisions: current next
//[next] compile-flags: -Znext-solver=coherence
trait Trait {}

trait Project {
    type Assoc<'a>;
}

impl Project for u32 {
    type Assoc<'a> = &'a u32;
}

// Eagerly normalizing `<?infer as Project>::Assoc<'a>` is ambiguous,
// so the old solver ended up structurally relating
//
//     (?infer, for<'a> fn(<?infer as Project>::Assoc<'a>))
//
// with
//
//     ((u32, fn(&'a u32)))
//
// Equating `&'a u32` with `<u32 as Project>::Assoc<'a>` failed, even
// though these types are equal modulo normalization.
impl<T: Project> Trait for (T, for<'a> fn(<T as Project>::Assoc<'a>)) {}

impl<'a> Trait for (u32, fn(&'a u32)) {}
//[next]~^ ERROR conflicting implementations of trait `Trait` for type `(u32, for<'a> fn(&'a u32))`
```

A crater run did not discover any breakage due to this change.

#### Unknowable candidates for higher ranked trait goals

- rust-lang#114061 TODO: may get fixed by rust-lang#117164 before then

### Applying inference constraints during the implicit-negative check

In the old implementation of the implicit-negative check, each obligation is [checked separately without applying its inference constraints](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/bea5bebf3defc56e5e3446b4a95c685dbb885fd3/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/coherence.rs#L323-L338). The new solver instead [uses a `FulfillmentCtxt`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/bea5bebf3defc56e5e3446b4a95c685dbb885fd3/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/coherence.rs#L315-L321) for this, which evaluates all obligations in a loop until there's no further inference progress.

This is necessary for backwards compatibility as we do not eagerly normalize with the new solver, resulting in constraints from normalization to only get applied by evaluating a separate obligation. This also allows more code to compile:
```rust
// revisions: current next
//[next] compile-flags: -Znext-solver=coherence
trait Mirror {
    type Assoc;
}
impl<T> Mirror for T {
    type Assoc = T;
}

trait Foo {}
trait Bar {}

// The self type starts out as `?0` but is constrained to `()`
// due to the where-clause below. Because `(): Bar` is known to
// not hold, we can prove the impls disjoint.
impl<T> Foo for T where (): Mirror<Assoc = T> {}
//[current]~^ ERROR conflicting implementations of trait `Foo` for type `()`
impl<T> Foo for T where T: Bar {}

fn main() {}
```

### Breakage due to removal of incomplete candidate preference

In the old solver we incompletely prefer the builtin trait object impl over user defined impls. This can break inference guidance, inferring `?x` in `dyn Trait<u32>: Trait<?x>` to `u32`, even if an explicit impl of `Trait<u64>` also exists.

This caused coherence to incorrectly allow overlapping impls, resulting in ICEs and theoretical unsoundness. See rust-lang#107887 (comment). This compiles on stable but results in an overlap error with `-Znext-solver=coherence`:

```rust
struct W<T: ?Sized>(*const T);

trait Trait<T: ?Sized> {
    type Assoc;
}

// This would trigger the check for overlap between automatic and custom impl.
// They actually don't overlap so an impl like this should remain possible
// forever.
//
// impl Trait<u64> for dyn Trait<u32> {}
trait Indirect {}
impl Indirect for dyn Trait<u32, Assoc = ()> {}
impl<T: Indirect + ?Sized> Trait<u64> for T {
    type Assoc = ();
}

trait Overlap<U: ?Sized> {
    type Assoc: Default;
}
impl<T: ?Sized + EvaluateHack<W<U>>, U: ?Sized> Overlap<U> for T {
    type Assoc = Box<u32>;
}
impl<U: ?Sized> Overlap<U> for dyn Trait<u32, Assoc = ()> {
    type Assoc = usize;
}

// Incomplete impl where `dyn Trait<u32>: Trait<_>` does not hold, but
// `dyn Trait<u32>: Trait<u64>` does.
trait EvaluateHack<U: ?Sized> {}
impl<T: ?Sized, U: ?Sized> EvaluateHack<W<U>> for T
where
    T: Trait<U, Assoc = ()>, // incompletely constrains `_` to `u32`
    U: IsU64,
    T: Trait<U, Assoc = ()>, // incompletely constrains `_` to `u32`
{
}

trait IsU64 {}
impl IsU64 for u64 {}
```

### Considering region outlives bounds in the `leak_check`

For details on the `leak_check`, see the FCP proposal in rust-lang#119820. (TODO: move to dev-guide).

In both coherence and during candidate selection, the `leak_check` relies on the region constraints added in `evaluate`. It therefore does not currently does not register outlives obligations: [source](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/ccb1415eac3289b5ebf64691c0190dc52e0e3d0e/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/mod.rs#L792-L810). This was likely done as a performance optimization without considering its impact on the `leak_check`. This is the case as in the old solver, *evaluatation* and *fulfillment* are split, with evaluation being responsible for candidate selection and fulfillment actually registering all the constraints.

This split does not exist with the new solver. The `leak_check` can therefore eagerly detect errors caused by region outlives obligations. This improves both coherence itself and candidate selection:

```rust
trait LeakErr<'a, 'b> {}
// Using this impl adds an `'b: 'a` bound which results
// in a higher-ranked region error. This bound has been
// previously ignored but is now considered.
impl<'a, 'b: 'a> LeakErr<'a, 'b> for () {}

trait NoOverlapDir<'a> {}
impl<'a, T: for<'b> LeakErr<'a, 'b>> NoOverlapDir<'a> for T {}
impl<'a> NoOverlapDir<'a> for () {}
```
```rust
// necessary to avoid coherence unknowable candidates
struct W<T>(T);

trait GuidesSelection<'a, U> {}
impl<'a, T: for<'b> LeakErr<'a, 'b>> GuidesSelection<'a, W<u32>> for T {}
impl<'a, T> GuidesSelection<'a, W<u8>> for T {}

trait NotImplementedByU8 {}
trait NoOverlapInd<'a, U> {}
impl<'a, T: GuidesSelection<'a, W<U>>, U> NoOverlapInd<'a, U> for T {}
impl<'a, U: NotImplementedByU8> NoOverlapInd<'a, U> for () {}
```

### Removal of `fn match_fresh_trait_refs`

The old solver tries to [eagerly detect unbounded recursion](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/b14fd2359f47fb9a14bbfe55359db4bb3af11861/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/mod.rs#L1196-L1211), forcing the affected goals to be ambiguous. This check is only an approximation and has not been added to the new solver.

The check is not necessary in the new solver and it would be problematic for caching. As it depends on all goals currently on the stack, using a global cache entry would have to always make sure that doing so does not circumvent this check.

This changes some goals to error - or succeed - instead of failing with ambiguity. This allows more code to compile:

```rust
// Need to use this local wrapper for the impls to be fully
// knowable as unknowable candidate result in ambiguity.
struct Local<T>(T);

trait Trait<U> {}
// This impl does not hold, but is ambiguous in the old
// solver due to its overflow approximation.
impl<U> Trait<U> for Local<u32> where Local<u16>: Trait<U> {}
// This impl holds.
impl Trait<Local<()>> for Local<u8> {}

// In the old solver, `Local<?t>: Trait<Local<?u>>` is ambiguous,
// resulting in `Local<?u>: NoImpl`, also being ambiguous.
//
// In the new solver the first impl does not apply, constraining
// `?u` to `Local<()>`, causing `Local<()>: NoImpl` to error.
trait Indirect<T> {}
impl<T, U> Indirect<U> for T
where
    T: Trait<U>,
    U: NoImpl
{}

// Not implemented for `Local<()>`
trait NoImpl {}
impl NoImpl for Local<u8> {}
impl NoImpl for Local<u16> {}

// `Local<?t>: Indirect<Local<?u>>` cannot hold, so
// these impls do not overlap.
trait NoOverlap<U> {}
impl<T: Indirect<U>, U> NoOverlap<U> for T {}
impl<T, U> NoOverlap<Local<U>> for Local<T> {}
```

### Non-fatal overflow

The old solver immediately emits a fatal error when hitting the recursion limit. The new solver instead returns overflow. This both allows more code to compile and is a potential future compatability issue.

Non-fatal overflow is generally desirable. With fatal overflow, changing the order in which we evaluate nested goals easily causes breakage if we have goal which errors and one which overflows. It is also required to prevent breakage due to the removal of `fn match_fresh_trait_refs`, e.g. [in `typenum`](rust-lang/trait-system-refactor-initiative#73).

#### Enabling more code to compile

In the below example, the old solver first tried to prove an overflowing goal, resulting in a fatal error. The new solver instead returns ambiguity due to overflow for that goal, causing the implicit negative overlap check to succeed as `Box<u32>: NotImplemented` does not hold.
```rust
trait Indirect<T> {}
impl<T: Overflow<()>> Indirect<T> for () {}

trait Overflow<U> {}
impl<T, U> Overflow<U> for Box<T>
where
    U: Indirect<Box<Box<T>>>,
{}

trait NotImplemented {}

trait Trait<U> {}
impl<T, U> Trait<U> for T
where
    // T: NotImplemented, // causes old solver to succeed
    U: Indirect<T>,
    T: NotImplemented,
{}

impl Trait<()> for Box<u32> {}

fn main() {}

```

#### Avoiding hangs with non-fatal overflow

Simply returning ambiguity when reaching the recursion limit can very easily result in hangs, e.g.
```rust
trait Recur {}
impl<T, U> Recur for ((T, U), (U, T))
where
    (T, U): Recur,
    (U, T): Recur,
{}

trait NotImplemented {}
impl<T: NotImplemented> Recur for T {}
```
This is necessary as it's easy to have exponential blowup due to multiple nested goals at each step. As the trait solver is depth-first, this immediately caused a fatal overflow error in the old solver. In the new solver we have to handle the whole proof tree instead, which can very easily hang.

To avoid this we restrict the recursion depth after hitting the recursion limit for the first time. We also **ignore all inference constraints from goals resulting in overflow**. This is mostly backwards compatible as any overflow in the old solver resulted in a fatal error.

However, normalization does not eagerly evaluate the nested bounds of impls in the old solver. The constraints from normalizing a type can result in an error without ever having to evaluate the nested bounds. Always discarding constraints on overflow is a breaking change. To avoid this while still avoiding many hangs we apply constraints only inside of `NormalizesTo` goals, unless they are from a where-bound: [source](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/ccb1415eac3289b5ebf64691c0190dc52e0e3d0e/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/solve/eval_ctxt/mod.rs#L381-L417). This is necessary for the following example:
```rust
trait Trait {
    type Assoc;
}

struct W<T: ?Sized>(*mut T);
impl<T: ?Sized> Trait for W<W<T>>
where
    W<T>: Trait,
{
    type Assoc = ();
}

// `W<?t>: Trait<Assoc = u32>` does not hold as
// `Assoc` gets normalized to `()`. However, proving
// the where-bounds of the impl results in overflow.
//
// For this to continue to compile we must not discard
// constraints from normalizing associated types.
trait NoOverlap {}
impl<T: Trait<Assoc = u32>> NoOverlap for T {}
impl<T: ?Sized> NoOverlap for W<T> {}
```

#### Future compatability concerns

Non-fatal overflow results in some unfortunate future compatability concerns. Change the approach to avoid more hangs by more strongly penalizing overflow can cause breakage as we either drop constraints or ignore candidates necessary to successfully compile. Weakening the overflow penalities instead allows more code to compile and strengthens inference while potentially causing more code to hang.

While the current approach is not perfect, we believe it to be good enough. We believe it to apply the necessary inference constraints to avoid breakage and expect there to not be any desirable patterns broken by our current penalities. Similarly we believe the current constraints to be close to being as strong enough to avoid accidental hangs in nearly all cases. Ignoring constraints of overflowing goals is especially useful, as it may allow major future optimizations to our overflow handling. See [this summary](https://hackmd.io/ATf4hN0NRY-w2LIVgeFsVg) and the linked documents in case you want to know more.

### changes to performance

In general, trait solving during coherence checking is not significant for performance. Enabling the next-generation trait solver in coherence does not impact our compile time benchmarks.

TODO: how close can we get to a perf run using the new solver?

We are still unable to compile the full benchmark suite when fully enabling the new trait solver. Even without any micro optimizations, the performance of the new solver seems to already match the old one. TODO: link

There are very rare cases where non-fatal overflow and the removal of the `fn match_fresh_trait_refs` approximation result in significantly worse performance. Most notably, we believe that [`typenum`](https://crates.io/crates/typenum) should be [pretty much as bad as it can get](rust-lang/trait-system-refactor-initiative#73). Its performance is currently TODO cmp coherence, cmp full.

Due to an improved structure and far better caching, we believe that there is still a significant room for improvement and that the new solver will outperform the existing implementation in nearly all cases, sometimes significantly.

## This does not stabilize the whole solver

While this stabilizes the use of the new solver in coherence checking, there are many parts of the solver which will remain fully unstable. We may still adapt these areas while working towards stabilizing the new solver everywhere. We are confident that we are able to do so without negatively impacting coherence.

### goals with a non-empty `ParamEnv`

Coherence always uses an empty environment. We therefore do not depend on the behavior of `AliasBound` and `ParamEnv` candidates. We only stabilizes the behavior of user-defined and builtin implementations of traits. There are still many open questions there.

### opaque types in the defining scope

The handling of opaque types - `impl Trait` - in both the new and old solver is still not fully figured out. Luckily this can be ignored for now. While opaque types are reachable during coherence checking by using `impl_trait_in_associated_types`, the behavior during coherence is separate and self-contained. The old and new solver fully agree here.

### normalization is hard

This stabilizes that we equate associated types involving bound variables using deferred-alias-equality. We also stop eagerly normalizing in coherence, which should not have any user-facing impact.

We do not stabilize the normalization behavior outside of coherence, e.g. we currently deeply normalize all types during writeback with the new solver. This may change going forward

### how to replace `select` from the old solver

We sometimes depend on getting a single `impl` for a given trait bound, e.g. when resolving a concrete method for codegen/CTFE. We do not depend on this during coherence, so the exact approach here can still be freely changed going forward.

## Acknowledgements

TODO

Author: bors

compiler/rustc_interface/src/tests.rs

@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ fn test_unstable_options_tracking_hash() {
     tracked!(mutable_noalias, false);
     tracked!(
         next_solver,
-        Some(NextSolverConfig { coherence: true, globally: false, dump_tree: Default::default() })
+        Some(NextSolverConfig { coherence: true, globally: true, dump_tree: Default::default() })
     );
     tracked!(no_generate_arange_section, true);
     tracked!(no_jump_tables, true);

compiler/rustc_session/src/config.rs

@@ -723,6 +723,16 @@ pub struct NextSolverConfig {
     pub dump_tree: DumpSolverProofTree,
 }
 
+impl Default for NextSolverConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        NextSolverConfig {
+            coherence: true,
+            globally: false,
+            dump_tree: DumpSolverProofTree::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Default, Debug, Copy, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum DumpSolverProofTree {
     Always,

compiler/rustc_session/src/options.rs

@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ mod desc {
     pub const parse_instrument_xray: &str = "either a boolean (`yes`, `no`, `on`, `off`, etc), or a comma separated list of settings: `always` or `never` (mutually exclusive), `ignore-loops`, `instruction-threshold=N`, `skip-entry`, `skip-exit`";
     pub const parse_unpretty: &str = "`string` or `string=string`";
     pub const parse_treat_err_as_bug: &str = "either no value or a non-negative number";
-    pub const parse_next_solver_config: &str = "a comma separated list of solver configurations: `globally` (default), `coherence`, `dump-tree`, `dump-tree-on-error";
+    pub const parse_next_solver_config: &str = "a comma separated list of solver configurations: `globally` (default), `no`, `dump-tree`, `dump-tree-on-error";
     pub const parse_lto: &str =
         "either a boolean (`yes`, `no`, `on`, `off`, etc), `thin`, `fat`, or omitted";
     pub const parse_linker_plugin_lto: &str =
@@ -1051,6 +1051,10 @@ mod parse {
             let mut dump_tree = None;
             for c in config.split(',') {
                 match c {
+                    "no" => {
+                        *slot = None;
+                        return true;
+                    }
                     "globally" => globally = true,
                     "coherence" => {
                         globally = false;
@@ -1767,7 +1771,7 @@ options! {
         "the size at which the `large_assignments` lint starts to be emitted"),
     mutable_noalias: bool = (true, parse_bool, [TRACKED],
         "emit noalias metadata for mutable references (default: yes)"),
-    next_solver: Option<NextSolverConfig> = (None, parse_next_solver_config, [TRACKED],
+    next_solver: Option<NextSolverConfig> = (Some(NextSolverConfig::default()), parse_next_solver_config, [TRACKED],
         "enable and configure the next generation trait solver used by rustc"),
     nll_facts: bool = (false, parse_bool, [UNTRACKED],
         "dump facts from NLL analysis into side files (default: no)"),

tests/ui/associated-types/associated-types-coherence-failure.stderr

@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
-error[E0119]: conflicting implementations of trait `IntoCow<'_, _>` for type `Cow<'_, _>`
+error[E0119]: conflicting implementations of trait `IntoCow<'_, _>` for type `<_ as ToOwned>::Owned`
   --> $DIR/associated-types-coherence-failure.rs:21:1
    |
 LL | impl<'a, B: ?Sized> IntoCow<'a, B> for <B as ToOwned>::Owned where B: ToOwned {
    | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- first implementation here
 ...
 LL | impl<'a, B: ?Sized> IntoCow<'a, B> for Cow<'a, B> where B: ToOwned {
-   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ conflicting implementation for `Cow<'_, _>`
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ conflicting implementation for `<_ as ToOwned>::Owned`
 
-error[E0119]: conflicting implementations of trait `IntoCow<'_, _>` for type `&_`
+error[E0119]: conflicting implementations of trait `IntoCow<'_, _>` for type `<_ as ToOwned>::Owned`
   --> $DIR/associated-types-coherence-failure.rs:28:1
    |
 LL | impl<'a, B: ?Sized> IntoCow<'a, B> for <B as ToOwned>::Owned where B: ToOwned {
    | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- first implementation here
 ...
 LL | impl<'a, B: ?Sized> IntoCow<'a, B> for &'a B where B: ToOwned {
-   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ conflicting implementation for `&_`
+   | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ conflicting implementation for `<_ as ToOwned>::Owned`
 
 error: aborting due to 2 previous errors
 

tests/ui/coherence/coherence-negative-outlives-lifetimes.stock.stderr

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ LL | impl<'a, T: MyPredicate<'a>> MyTrait<'a> for T {}
    | ---------------------------------------------- first implementation here
 LL | impl<'a, T> MyTrait<'a> for &'a T {}
    | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ conflicting implementation for `&_`
+   |
+   = note: downstream crates may implement trait `MyPredicate<'_>` for type `&_`
 
 error: aborting due to 1 previous error
 

tests/ui/coherence/coherence-negative-outlives-lifetimes.with_negative_coherence.stderr

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ LL | impl<'a, T: MyPredicate<'a>> MyTrait<'a> for T {}
    | ---------------------------------------------- first implementation here
 LL | impl<'a, T> MyTrait<'a> for &'a T {}
    | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ conflicting implementation for `&_`
+   |
+   = note: downstream crates may implement trait `MyPredicate<'_>` for type `&_`
 
 error: aborting due to 1 previous error
 

tests/ui/coherence/coherence-overlap-negate-not-use-feature-gate.stderr

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ LL | impl<T: DerefMut> Foo for T {}
    | --------------------------- first implementation here
 LL | impl<U> Foo for &U {}
    | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ conflicting implementation for `&_`
+   |
+   = note: downstream crates may implement trait `std::ops::DerefMut` for type `&_`
 
 error: aborting due to 1 previous error
 

tests/ui/coherence/negative-coherence-check-placeholder-outlives.stderr

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ LL | impl<T> Bar for T where T: Foo {}
    | ------------------------------ first implementation here
 LL | impl<T> Bar for Box<T> {}
    | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ conflicting implementation for `Box<_>`
+   |
+   = note: downstream crates may implement trait `Foo` for type `std::boxed::Box<_>`
 
 error: aborting due to 1 previous error
 

tests/ui/coherence/negative-coherence-considering-regions.any_lt.stderr

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ LL | impl<T> Bar for T where T: Foo {}
 ...
 LL | impl<T> Bar for &T {}
    | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ conflicting implementation for `&_`
+   |
+   = note: downstream crates may implement trait `Foo` for type `&_`
 
 error: aborting due to 1 previous error
 

tests/ui/coherence/negative-coherence-placeholder-region-constraints-on-unification.explicit.stderr

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ LL | impl<T: ?Sized> FnMarker for fn(&T) {}
    |
    = warning: the behavior may change in a future release
    = note: for more information, see issue #56105 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/56105>
+   = note: downstream crates may implement trait `Marker` for type `&_`
    = note: this behavior recently changed as a result of a bug fix; see rust-lang/rust#56105 for details
 note: the lint level is defined here
   --> $DIR/negative-coherence-placeholder-region-constraints-on-unification.rs:4:11