apacheGH-44607: [C++][Dev] Update bundled Thrift, update mirrors to use CDN (apache#44685)

### Rationale for this change

Builds with bundled Thrift could fail because of permanently offline download mirror URLs. ASF now provides [a CDN](https://dlcdn.apache.org/).

### What changes are included in this PR?

1. Updates the pinned version for bundled Thrift from 0.16.0 to 0.20.0. We couldn't just update the URLs because the ASF CDN only hosts the last two versions of Thrift (0.20, 0.21.0). We didn't upgrade to Thrift 0.21.0 in this PR because it requires Boost 1.86.0 and we found incompatibilities with Boost 1.86.0 and `cpp/build-support/trim-boost.sh` which we use to publish a trimmed-down distribution of Boost for our build system to use.
2. Removes the set of URLs we were using to download Thrift in favor of just using the main CDN URL. We'll see how this works in practice.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes. I configured a build with `...-DThrift_SOURCE=BUNDLED...` and ran the full C++ test suite. I think further testing can be done in CI.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

Closes apache#44607
* GitHub Issue: apache#44607

Authored-by: Bryce Mecum <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Bryce Mecum <[email protected]>

Author: amoeba

cpp/cmake_modules/ThirdpartyToolchain.cmake

@@ -816,21 +816,9 @@ endif()
 if(DEFINED ENV{ARROW_THRIFT_URL})
   set(THRIFT_SOURCE_URL "$ENV{ARROW_THRIFT_URL}")
 else()
-  set_urls(THRIFT_SOURCE_URL
-           "https://www.apache.org/dyn/closer.cgi?action=download&filename=/thrift/${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
-           "https://downloads.apache.org/thrift/${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
-           "https://apache.claz.org/thrift/${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
-           "https://apache.cs.utah.edu/thrift/${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
-           "https://apache.mirrors.lucidnetworks.net/thrift/${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
-           "https://apache.osuosl.org/thrift/${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
-           "https://ftp.wayne.edu/apache/thrift/${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
-           "https://mirror.olnevhost.net/pub/apache/thrift/${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
-           "https://mirrors.gigenet.com/apache/thrift/${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
-           "https://mirrors.koehn.com/apache/thrift/${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
-           "https://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/apache/thrift/${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
-           "https://mirrors.sonic.net/apache/thrift/${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
-           "https://us.mirrors.quenda.co/apache/thrift/${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
-           "${THIRDPARTY_MIRROR_URL}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz")
+  set(THRIFT_SOURCE_URL
+      "https://dlcdn.apache.org/thrift/${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
+  )
 endif()
 
 if(DEFINED ENV{ARROW_UCX_URL})
@@ -1775,6 +1763,7 @@ macro(build_thrift)
       set(THRIFT_LIB_SUFFIX "md")
       list(APPEND THRIFT_CMAKE_ARGS "-DWITH_MT=OFF")
     endif()
+    # NOTE(amoeba): When you bump Thrift to >=0.21.0, change bin to lib
     set(THRIFT_LIB
         "${THRIFT_PREFIX}/bin/${CMAKE_IMPORT_LIBRARY_PREFIX}thrift${THRIFT_LIB_SUFFIX}${CMAKE_IMPORT_LIBRARY_SUFFIX}"
     )

cpp/thirdparty/versions.txt

@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ ARROW_SUBSTRAIT_BUILD_VERSION=v0.44.0
 ARROW_SUBSTRAIT_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=f989a862f694e7dbb695925ddb7c4ce06aa6c51aca945105c075139aed7e55a2
 ARROW_S2N_TLS_BUILD_VERSION=v1.3.35
 ARROW_S2N_TLS_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=9d32b26e6bfcc058d98248bf8fc231537e347395dd89cf62bb432b55c5da990d
-ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION=0.16.0
-ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=f460b5c1ca30d8918ff95ea3eb6291b3951cf518553566088f3f2be8981f6209
+ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION=0.20.0
+ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=b5d8311a779470e1502c027f428a1db542f5c051c8e1280ccd2163fa935ff2d6
 ARROW_UCX_BUILD_VERSION=1.12.1
 ARROW_UCX_BUILD_SHA256_CHECKSUM=9bef31aed0e28bf1973d28d74d9ac4f8926c43ca3b7010bd22a084e164e31b71
 ARROW_UTF8PROC_BUILD_VERSION=v2.7.0
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ DEPENDENCIES=(
   "ARROW_RE2_URL re2-${ARROW_RE2_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz https://github.com/google/re2/archive/${ARROW_RE2_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
   "ARROW_S2N_TLS_URL s2n-${ARROW_S2N_TLS_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz https://github.com/aws/s2n-tls/archive/${ARROW_S2N_TLS_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
   "ARROW_SNAPPY_URL snappy-${ARROW_SNAPPY_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz https://github.com/google/snappy/archive/${ARROW_SNAPPY_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
-  "ARROW_THRIFT_URL thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz https://archive.apache.org/dist/thrift/${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
+  "ARROW_THRIFT_URL thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz https://dlcdn.apache.org/thrift/${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}/thrift-${ARROW_THRIFT_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
   "ARROW_UCX_URL ucx-${ARROW_UCX_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz https://github.com/openucx/ucx/archive/v${ARROW_UCX_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
   "ARROW_UTF8PROC_URL utf8proc-${ARROW_UTF8PROC_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz https://github.com/JuliaStrings/utf8proc/archive/${ARROW_UTF8PROC_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"
   "ARROW_XSIMD_URL xsimd-${ARROW_XSIMD_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz https://github.com/xtensor-stack/xsimd/archive/${ARROW_XSIMD_BUILD_VERSION}.tar.gz"