From 1427fe34f0bf364f860b9f3c4ecd811215e0cdcb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <barunparua@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 19:22:41 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 01/33] avg and mps speed formulae added

---
 ...avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py | 79 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 79 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py

diff --git a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py b/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..70f189b91912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+"""
+The root-mean-square, average and most probable speeds are derived from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a probability distribution that describes the distribution of speeds for particles in a gas. The distribution is given by the following equation:
+    
+        -------------------------------------------------
+        | f(v) = (M/2πRT)^(3/2) * 4πv^2 * e^(-Mv^2/2RT) |
+        -------------------------------------------------
+        
+where:
+    f(v) is the fraction of molecules with a speed v
+    M is the molar mass of the gas in kg/mol
+    R is the gas constant
+    T is the absolute temperature
+
+More information about the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_distribution
+    
+The average speed can be calculated by integrating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution from 0 to infinity and dividing by the total number of molecules. The result is:
+        
+        ---------------------
+        | vavg = √8RT/πM    |
+        ---------------------
+        
+The most probable speed is the speed at which the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is at its maximum. This can be found by differentiating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with respect to v and setting the result equal to zero. The result is:
+
+        ---------------------
+        | vmp = √2RT/M      |
+        ---------------------
+        
+The root-mean-square speed is another measure of the average speed of the molecules in a gas. It is calculated by taking the square root of the average of the squares of the speeds of the molecules. The result is:
+
+        ---------------------
+        | vrms = √3RT/m     |
+        ---------------------
+
+Here we have defined functions to calculate the average and most probable speeds of molecules in a gas given the temperature and molar mass of the gas.
+"""
+
+# necessary constants
+PI = 3.1415926535 # pi
+R = 8.3144626181 # gas constant
+
+def avg_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Takes the temperature (in K) and molar mass (in kg/mol) of a gas and returns the average speed of a molecule in the gas (in m/s).
+    
+    Examples:
+    >>> avg_speed_of_molecule(273, 0.028) # nitrogen at 273 K
+    454.34887551126405
+    >>> avg_speed_of_molecule(300, 0.032) # oxygen at 300 K
+    445.5257273482451
+    """
+    if temperature < 0:
+        raise Exception("Absolute temperature cannot be less than 0 K")
+    if molar_mass <= 0:
+        raise Exception("Molar mass should be greater than 0 kg/mol")
+    else:
+        return (8 * R * temperature / (PI * molar_mass)) ** 0.5
+    
+def mps_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Takes the temperature (in K) and molar mass (in kg/mol) of a gas and returns the most probable speed of a molecule in the gas (in m/s).
+    
+    Examples:
+    >>> mps_speed_of_molecule(273, 0.028) # nitrogen at 273 K
+    402.6562070215111
+    >>> mps_speed_of_molecule(300, 0.032) # oxygen at 300 K
+    394.83689555229637
+    """
+    if temperature < 0:
+        raise Exception("Absolute temperature cannot be less than 0 K")
+    if molar_mass <= 0:
+        raise Exception("Molar mass should be greater than 0 kg/mol")
+    else:
+        return (2 * R * temperature / molar_mass) ** 0.5
+    
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+
+    doctest.testmod()
+    
\ No newline at end of file

From 0608c40a89a1cba314551633795318f140466825 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 14:00:21 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 02/33] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 ...avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py | 28 ++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py b/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
index 70f189b91912..b851ae3e2542 100644
--- a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
+++ b/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 """
 The root-mean-square, average and most probable speeds are derived from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a probability distribution that describes the distribution of speeds for particles in a gas. The distribution is given by the following equation:
-    
+
         -------------------------------------------------
         | f(v) = (M/2πRT)^(3/2) * 4πv^2 * e^(-Mv^2/2RT) |
         -------------------------------------------------
-        
+
 where:
     f(v) is the fraction of molecules with a speed v
     M is the molar mass of the gas in kg/mol
@@ -12,19 +12,19 @@
     T is the absolute temperature
 
 More information about the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_distribution
-    
+
 The average speed can be calculated by integrating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution from 0 to infinity and dividing by the total number of molecules. The result is:
-        
+
         ---------------------
         | vavg = √8RT/πM    |
         ---------------------
-        
+
 The most probable speed is the speed at which the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is at its maximum. This can be found by differentiating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with respect to v and setting the result equal to zero. The result is:
 
         ---------------------
         | vmp = √2RT/M      |
         ---------------------
-        
+
 The root-mean-square speed is another measure of the average speed of the molecules in a gas. It is calculated by taking the square root of the average of the squares of the speeds of the molecules. The result is:
 
         ---------------------
@@ -35,13 +35,14 @@
 """
 
 # necessary constants
-PI = 3.1415926535 # pi
-R = 8.3144626181 # gas constant
+PI = 3.1415926535  # pi
+R = 8.3144626181  # gas constant
+
 
 def avg_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
     """
     Takes the temperature (in K) and molar mass (in kg/mol) of a gas and returns the average speed of a molecule in the gas (in m/s).
-    
+
     Examples:
     >>> avg_speed_of_molecule(273, 0.028) # nitrogen at 273 K
     454.34887551126405
@@ -54,11 +55,12 @@ def avg_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
         raise Exception("Molar mass should be greater than 0 kg/mol")
     else:
         return (8 * R * temperature / (PI * molar_mass)) ** 0.5
-    
+
+
 def mps_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
     """
     Takes the temperature (in K) and molar mass (in kg/mol) of a gas and returns the most probable speed of a molecule in the gas (in m/s).
-    
+
     Examples:
     >>> mps_speed_of_molecule(273, 0.028) # nitrogen at 273 K
     402.6562070215111
@@ -71,9 +73,9 @@ def mps_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
         raise Exception("Molar mass should be greater than 0 kg/mol")
     else:
         return (2 * R * temperature / molar_mass) ** 0.5
-    
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest
 
     doctest.testmod()
-    
\ No newline at end of file

From 7457b25d709d242468b8d31b29307dee3914771d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <barunparua@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 19:33:39 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 03/33] avg and mps speed formulae added

---
 ...avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py | 37 ++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py b/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
index 70f189b91912..8ee71c56f903 100644
--- a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
+++ b/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 """
-The root-mean-square, average and most probable speeds are derived from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a probability distribution that describes the distribution of speeds for particles in a gas. The distribution is given by the following equation:
+The root-mean-square, average and most probable speeds are derived from 
+the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a 
+probability distribution that describes the distribution of speeds for particles in a gas.
+The distribution is given by the following equation:
     
         -------------------------------------------------
         | f(v) = (M/2πRT)^(3/2) * 4πv^2 * e^(-Mv^2/2RT) |
@@ -11,27 +14,34 @@
     R is the gas constant
     T is the absolute temperature
 
-More information about the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_distribution
+More information about the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution can be found here: 
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_distribution
     
-The average speed can be calculated by integrating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution from 0 to infinity and dividing by the total number of molecules. The result is:
+The average speed can be calculated by integrating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution 
+from 0 to infinity and dividing by the total number of molecules. The result is:
         
         ---------------------
         | vavg = √8RT/πM    |
         ---------------------
         
-The most probable speed is the speed at which the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is at its maximum. This can be found by differentiating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with respect to v and setting the result equal to zero. The result is:
+The most probable speed is the speed at which the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is at its maximum. 
+This can be found by differentiating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with respect to v 
+and setting the result equal to zero. The result is:
 
         ---------------------
         | vmp = √2RT/M      |
         ---------------------
         
-The root-mean-square speed is another measure of the average speed of the molecules in a gas. It is calculated by taking the square root of the average of the squares of the speeds of the molecules. The result is:
+The root-mean-square speed is another measure of the average speed of the molecules in a gas. 
+It is calculated by taking the square root of the average of the 
+squares of the speeds of the molecules. The result is:
 
         ---------------------
         | vrms = √3RT/m     |
         ---------------------
 
-Here we have defined functions to calculate the average and most probable speeds of molecules in a gas given the temperature and molar mass of the gas.
+Here we have defined functions to calculate the average and 
+most probable speeds of molecules in a gas given the temperature and molar mass of the gas.
 """
 
 # necessary constants
@@ -40,8 +50,9 @@
 
 def avg_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
     """
-    Takes the temperature (in K) and molar mass (in kg/mol) of a gas and returns the average speed of a molecule in the gas (in m/s).
-    
+    Takes the temperature (in K) and molar mass (in kg/mol) of a gas 
+    and returns the average speed of a molecule in the gas (in m/s).
+
     Examples:
     >>> avg_speed_of_molecule(273, 0.028) # nitrogen at 273 K
     454.34887551126405
@@ -54,11 +65,12 @@ def avg_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
         raise Exception("Molar mass should be greater than 0 kg/mol")
     else:
         return (8 * R * temperature / (PI * molar_mass)) ** 0.5
-    
+
 def mps_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
     """
-    Takes the temperature (in K) and molar mass (in kg/mol) of a gas and returns the most probable speed of a molecule in the gas (in m/s).
-    
+    Takes the temperature (in K) and molar mass (in kg/mol) of a gas 
+    and returns the most probable speed of a molecule in the gas (in m/s).
+
     Examples:
     >>> mps_speed_of_molecule(273, 0.028) # nitrogen at 273 K
     402.6562070215111
@@ -71,9 +83,8 @@ def mps_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
         raise Exception("Molar mass should be greater than 0 kg/mol")
     else:
         return (2 * R * temperature / molar_mass) ** 0.5
-    
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest
 
     doctest.testmod()
-    
\ No newline at end of file

From b1ef5a36fbec003505091eda2731e3bb8aca4955 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <barunparua@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 19:39:08 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 04/33] fixed_spacing

---
 physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py b/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
index 8ee71c56f903..20baff29082e 100644
--- a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
+++ b/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a 
 probability distribution that describes the distribution of speeds for particles in a gas.
 The distribution is given by the following equation:
-    
+
         -------------------------------------------------
         | f(v) = (M/2πRT)^(3/2) * 4πv^2 * e^(-Mv^2/2RT) |
         -------------------------------------------------
-        
+   
 where:
     f(v) is the fraction of molecules with a speed v
     M is the molar mass of the gas in kg/mol
@@ -16,14 +16,14 @@
 
 More information about the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution can be found here: 
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_distribution
-    
+
 The average speed can be calculated by integrating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution 
 from 0 to infinity and dividing by the total number of molecules. The result is:
-        
+ 
         ---------------------
         | vavg = √8RT/πM    |
         ---------------------
-        
+
 The most probable speed is the speed at which the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is at its maximum. 
 This can be found by differentiating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with respect to v 
 and setting the result equal to zero. The result is:
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
         ---------------------
         | vmp = √2RT/M      |
         ---------------------
-        
+
 The root-mean-square speed is another measure of the average speed of the molecules in a gas. 
 It is calculated by taking the square root of the average of the 
 squares of the speeds of the molecules. The result is:

From 07502c875b13e28836d1e1769613d192ce87bf74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 14:11:38 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 05/33] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 ...avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py | 29 ++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py b/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
index f861520d334b..8dfaa9bd9944 100644
--- a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
+++ b/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
@@ -1,46 +1,46 @@
 """
-The root-mean-square, average and most probable speeds are derived from 
-the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a 
+The root-mean-square, average and most probable speeds are derived from
+the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a
 probability distribution that describes the distribution of speeds for particles in a gas.
 The distribution is given by the following equation:
 
         -------------------------------------------------
         | f(v) = (M/2πRT)^(3/2) * 4πv^2 * e^(-Mv^2/2RT) |
         -------------------------------------------------
-   
+
 where:
     f(v) is the fraction of molecules with a speed v
     M is the molar mass of the gas in kg/mol
     R is the gas constant
     T is the absolute temperature
 
-More information about the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution can be found here: 
+More information about the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution can be found here:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%E2%80%93Boltzmann_distribution
 
-The average speed can be calculated by integrating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution 
+The average speed can be calculated by integrating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
 from 0 to infinity and dividing by the total number of molecules. The result is:
- 
+
         ---------------------
         | vavg = √8RT/πM    |
         ---------------------
 
-The most probable speed is the speed at which the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is at its maximum. 
-This can be found by differentiating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with respect to v 
+The most probable speed is the speed at which the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is at its maximum.
+This can be found by differentiating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with respect to v
 and setting the result equal to zero. The result is:
 
         ---------------------
         | vmp = √2RT/M      |
         ---------------------
 
-The root-mean-square speed is another measure of the average speed of the molecules in a gas. 
-It is calculated by taking the square root of the average of the 
+The root-mean-square speed is another measure of the average speed of the molecules in a gas.
+It is calculated by taking the square root of the average of the
 squares of the speeds of the molecules. The result is:
 
         ---------------------
         | vrms = √3RT/m     |
         ---------------------
 
-Here we have defined functions to calculate the average and 
+Here we have defined functions to calculate the average and
 most probable speeds of molecules in a gas given the temperature and molar mass of the gas.
 """
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
 
 def avg_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
     """
-    Takes the temperature (in K) and molar mass (in kg/mol) of a gas 
+    Takes the temperature (in K) and molar mass (in kg/mol) of a gas
     and returns the average speed of a molecule in the gas (in m/s).
 
     Examples:
@@ -67,9 +67,10 @@ def avg_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
     else:
         return (8 * R * temperature / (PI * molar_mass)) ** 0.5
 
+
 def mps_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
     """
-    Takes the temperature (in K) and molar mass (in kg/mol) of a gas 
+    Takes the temperature (in K) and molar mass (in kg/mol) of a gas
     and returns the most probable speed of a molecule in the gas (in m/s).
 
     Examples:
@@ -85,8 +86,8 @@ def mps_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
     else:
         return (2 * R * temperature / molar_mass) ** 0.5
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest
 
     doctest.testmod()
-

From ead4f47af540c24a9575fa1eda95897bec18a76b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <barunparua@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 19:44:07 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 06/33] spacing

---
 .../avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py | 18 ++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py b/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
index f861520d334b..3b7e622184e7 100644
--- a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
+++ b/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 """
 The root-mean-square, average and most probable speeds are derived from 
 the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a 
-probability distribution that describes the distribution of speeds for particles in a gas.
+probability distribution that describes the distribution of speeds for particles 
+in a gas.
 The distribution is given by the following equation:
 
         -------------------------------------------------
@@ -24,24 +25,25 @@
         | vavg = √8RT/πM    |
         ---------------------
 
-The most probable speed is the speed at which the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is at its maximum. 
-This can be found by differentiating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with respect to v 
-and setting the result equal to zero. The result is:
+The most probable speed is the speed at which the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution 
+is at its maximum. This can be found by differentiating the Maxwell-Boltzmann 
+distribution with respect to v and setting the result equal to zero. The result is:
 
         ---------------------
         | vmp = √2RT/M      |
         ---------------------
 
-The root-mean-square speed is another measure of the average speed of the molecules in a gas. 
-It is calculated by taking the square root of the average of the 
-squares of the speeds of the molecules. The result is:
+The root-mean-square speed is another measure of the average speed 
+of the molecules in a gas. It is calculated by taking the square root 
+of the average of the squares of the speeds of the molecules. The result is:
 
         ---------------------
         | vrms = √3RT/m     |
         ---------------------
 
 Here we have defined functions to calculate the average and 
-most probable speeds of molecules in a gas given the temperature and molar mass of the gas.
+most probable speeds of molecules in a gas given the 
+temperature and molar mass of the gas.
 """
 
 # necessary constants

From cb006c383bbba43063a51f079f47a528900230a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 14:19:02 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 07/33] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 .../avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py | 18 +++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py b/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
index 2a7fd542289d..3157741208e9 100644
--- a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
+++ b/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 """
-The root-mean-square, average and most probable speeds are derived from 
-the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a 
-probability distribution that describes the distribution of speeds for particles 
+The root-mean-square, average and most probable speeds are derived from
+the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a
+probability distribution that describes the distribution of speeds for particles
 in a gas.
 The distribution is given by the following equation:
 
@@ -25,24 +25,24 @@
         | vavg = √8RT/πM    |
         ---------------------
 
-The most probable speed is the speed at which the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution 
-is at its maximum. This can be found by differentiating the Maxwell-Boltzmann 
+The most probable speed is the speed at which the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
+is at its maximum. This can be found by differentiating the Maxwell-Boltzmann
 distribution with respect to v and setting the result equal to zero. The result is:
 
         ---------------------
         | vmp = √2RT/M      |
         ---------------------
 
-The root-mean-square speed is another measure of the average speed 
-of the molecules in a gas. It is calculated by taking the square root 
+The root-mean-square speed is another measure of the average speed
+of the molecules in a gas. It is calculated by taking the square root
 of the average of the squares of the speeds of the molecules. The result is:
 
         ---------------------
         | vrms = √3RT/m     |
         ---------------------
 
-Here we have defined functions to calculate the average and 
-most probable speeds of molecules in a gas given the 
+Here we have defined functions to calculate the average and
+most probable speeds of molecules in a gas given the
 temperature and molar mass of the gas.
 """
 

From ab04734aa2ec0ef0af14fc5e233d3067da27eb3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <barunparua@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 19:50:16 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 08/33] ws

---
 .../avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py | 18 +++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py b/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
index 2a7fd542289d..3157741208e9 100644
--- a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
+++ b/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 """
-The root-mean-square, average and most probable speeds are derived from 
-the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a 
-probability distribution that describes the distribution of speeds for particles 
+The root-mean-square, average and most probable speeds are derived from
+the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a
+probability distribution that describes the distribution of speeds for particles
 in a gas.
 The distribution is given by the following equation:
 
@@ -25,24 +25,24 @@
         | vavg = √8RT/πM    |
         ---------------------
 
-The most probable speed is the speed at which the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution 
-is at its maximum. This can be found by differentiating the Maxwell-Boltzmann 
+The most probable speed is the speed at which the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
+is at its maximum. This can be found by differentiating the Maxwell-Boltzmann
 distribution with respect to v and setting the result equal to zero. The result is:
 
         ---------------------
         | vmp = √2RT/M      |
         ---------------------
 
-The root-mean-square speed is another measure of the average speed 
-of the molecules in a gas. It is calculated by taking the square root 
+The root-mean-square speed is another measure of the average speed
+of the molecules in a gas. It is calculated by taking the square root
 of the average of the squares of the speeds of the molecules. The result is:
 
         ---------------------
         | vrms = √3RT/m     |
         ---------------------
 
-Here we have defined functions to calculate the average and 
-most probable speeds of molecules in a gas given the 
+Here we have defined functions to calculate the average and
+most probable speeds of molecules in a gas given the
 temperature and molar mass of the gas.
 """
 

From 6a741dc63f7ba3140c24e2cf7bde364b9ae4afa2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <barunparua@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 20:37:45 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 09/33] added amicable numbers

---
 maths/amicable_pair.py | 65 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 65 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 maths/amicable_pair.py

diff --git a/maths/amicable_pair.py b/maths/amicable_pair.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d596cfc9884b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/maths/amicable_pair.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+"""
+Amicable numbers are two different natural numbers such that the sum
+of the proper divisors of each is equal to the other number.
+That is, s(a)=b and s(b)=a, where s(n) is equal to
+the sum of positive divisors of n except n itself.
+Here, a and b form a pair of amicable numbers.
+
+More information about amicable numbers can be found here:
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicable_numbers
+
+Here, we have defined a function to check if two numbers are amicable.
+We have also defined an auxiliary function,
+to find the sum of the proper divisors of a number.
+"""
+
+def sum_of_divisors(n: int) -> int:
+    """
+    Find the sum of the proper divisors of a number.
+    
+    Examples:
+    >>> sum_of_divisors(220)
+    284
+    >>> sum_of_divisors(284)
+    220
+    """
+    sum = 0
+    for i in range(1, n):
+        if n % i == 0:
+            sum += i
+    
+    return sum
+
+def is_amicable_pair(a: int, b: int) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if two numbers (a and b) are amicable numbers.
+    Arguments must be positive integers.
+    
+    Examples:
+    >>> is_amicable_pair(220, 284)
+    True
+    >>> is_amicable_pair(1184, 1210)
+    True
+    >>> is_amicable_pair(127, 729)
+    False
+    >>> is_amicable_pair(7, 13)
+    False
+    >>> is_amicable_pair(0, 12)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Numbers must be positive integers.
+    >>> is_amicable_pair(12, -1)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Numbers must be positive integers.
+    >>> is_amicable_pair(42, 42)
+    False
+    """
+    if a <= 0 or b <= 0:
+        raise ValueError("Numbers must be positive integers.")
+
+    return sum_of_divisors(a) == b and sum_of_divisors(b) == a
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+    doctest.testmod()
\ No newline at end of file

From d13c09d2ca2399abd3126a3a63584dc5f308d582 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 15:08:24 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 10/33] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 maths/amicable_pair.py | 12 ++++++++----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/maths/amicable_pair.py b/maths/amicable_pair.py
index d596cfc9884b..a94dcab32fee 100644
--- a/maths/amicable_pair.py
+++ b/maths/amicable_pair.py
@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@
 to find the sum of the proper divisors of a number.
 """
 
+
 def sum_of_divisors(n: int) -> int:
     """
     Find the sum of the proper divisors of a number.
-    
+
     Examples:
     >>> sum_of_divisors(220)
     284
@@ -27,14 +28,15 @@ def sum_of_divisors(n: int) -> int:
     for i in range(1, n):
         if n % i == 0:
             sum += i
-    
+
     return sum
 
+
 def is_amicable_pair(a: int, b: int) -> bool:
     """
     Check if two numbers (a and b) are amicable numbers.
     Arguments must be positive integers.
-    
+
     Examples:
     >>> is_amicable_pair(220, 284)
     True
@@ -60,6 +62,8 @@ def is_amicable_pair(a: int, b: int) -> bool:
 
     return sum_of_divisors(a) == b and sum_of_divisors(b) == a
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest
-    doctest.testmod()
\ No newline at end of file
+
+    doctest.testmod()

From 63734b9d97e34ec9d31f34d196f4d24099911ad4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <barunparua@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 20:41:56 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 11/33] added amicable numbers

---
 maths/amicable_pair.py | 16 ++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/maths/amicable_pair.py b/maths/amicable_pair.py
index d596cfc9884b..144d7e2a42ae 100644
--- a/maths/amicable_pair.py
+++ b/maths/amicable_pair.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 to find the sum of the proper divisors of a number.
 """
 
-def sum_of_divisors(n: int) -> int:
+def sum_of_divisors(number: int) -> int:
     """
     Find the sum of the proper divisors of a number.
     
@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ def sum_of_divisors(n: int) -> int:
     220
     """
     sum = 0
-    for i in range(1, n):
-        if n % i == 0:
+    for i in range(1, number):
+        if number % i == 0:
             sum += i
     
     return sum
 
-def is_amicable_pair(a: int, b: int) -> bool:
+def is_amicable_pair(number_1: int, number_2: int) -> bool:
     """
-    Check if two numbers (a and b) are amicable numbers.
+    Check if two numbers (number_1 and number_2) are amicable.
     Arguments must be positive integers.
     
     Examples:
@@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ def is_amicable_pair(a: int, b: int) -> bool:
     >>> is_amicable_pair(42, 42)
     False
     """
-    if a <= 0 or b <= 0:
+    if number_1 <= 0 or number_2 <= 0:
         raise ValueError("Numbers must be positive integers.")
-
-    return sum_of_divisors(a) == b and sum_of_divisors(b) == a
+    
+    return sum_of_divisors(number_1) == number_2 and sum_of_divisors(number_2) == number_1
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest

From 9779c1a623a84c5729bc568302c330047ad1d42c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 15:13:42 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 12/33] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 maths/amicable_pair.py | 9 +++++++--
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/maths/amicable_pair.py b/maths/amicable_pair.py
index ac50168f7deb..a15a0a87dcf5 100644
--- a/maths/amicable_pair.py
+++ b/maths/amicable_pair.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 to find the sum of the proper divisors of a number.
 """
 
+
 def sum_of_divisors(number: int) -> int:
     """
     Find the sum of the proper divisors of a number.
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ def sum_of_divisors(number: int) -> int:
 
     return sum
 
+
 def is_amicable_pair(number_1: int, number_2: int) -> bool:
     """
     Check if two numbers (number_1 and number_2) are amicable.
@@ -57,8 +59,11 @@ def is_amicable_pair(number_1: int, number_2: int) -> bool:
     """
     if number_1 <= 0 or number_2 <= 0:
         raise ValueError("Numbers must be positive integers.")
-    
-    return sum_of_divisors(number_1) == number_2 and sum_of_divisors(number_2) == number_1
+
+    return (
+        sum_of_divisors(number_1) == number_2 and sum_of_divisors(number_2) == number_1
+    )
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest

From aa4d4e8b89cecd6252dffe72b0b6d5850bea9d96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <barunparua@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 20:45:55 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 13/33] spacing

---
 maths/amicable_pair.py | 11 +++++++----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/maths/amicable_pair.py b/maths/amicable_pair.py
index ac50168f7deb..c392671db352 100644
--- a/maths/amicable_pair.py
+++ b/maths/amicable_pair.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 Amicable numbers are two different natural numbers such that the sum
 of the proper divisors of each is equal to the other number.
 That is, s(a)=b and s(b)=a, where s(n) is equal to
-the sum of positive divisors of n except n itself.
+the 'sum' of positive divisors of n except n itself.
 Here, a and b form a pair of amicable numbers.
 
 More information about amicable numbers can be found here:
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 Here, we have defined a function to check if two numbers are amicable.
 We have also defined an auxiliary function,
-to find the sum of the proper divisors of a number.
+to find the 'sum' of the proper divisors of a number.
 """
 
 def sum_of_divisors(number: int) -> int:
@@ -57,8 +57,11 @@ def is_amicable_pair(number_1: int, number_2: int) -> bool:
     """
     if number_1 <= 0 or number_2 <= 0:
         raise ValueError("Numbers must be positive integers.")
-    
-    return sum_of_divisors(number_1) == number_2 and sum_of_divisors(number_2) == number_1
+
+    if sum_of_divisors(number_1) == number_2 and sum_of_divisors(number_2) == number_1:
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest

From 52c2cb82d7210d704229ea9ef2deeb45a397e267 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 15:17:23 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 14/33] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 maths/amicable_pair.py | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/maths/amicable_pair.py b/maths/amicable_pair.py
index 0bc287d744da..ed8f9184353d 100644
--- a/maths/amicable_pair.py
+++ b/maths/amicable_pair.py
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ def is_amicable_pair(number_1: int, number_2: int) -> bool:
     else:
         return False
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest
 

From 643958b1f429bf9afdb7ebdab235a1fad183bf1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <barunparua@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 10 Oct 2023 20:48:27 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 15/33] removed

---
 maths/amicable_pair.py | 71 ------------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 71 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 maths/amicable_pair.py

diff --git a/maths/amicable_pair.py b/maths/amicable_pair.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 0bc287d744da..000000000000
--- a/maths/amicable_pair.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-"""
-Amicable numbers are two different natural numbers such that the sum
-of the proper divisors of each is equal to the other number.
-That is, s(a)=b and s(b)=a, where s(n) is equal to
-the 'sum' of positive divisors of n except n itself.
-Here, a and b form a pair of amicable numbers.
-
-More information about amicable numbers can be found here:
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicable_numbers
-
-Here, we have defined a function to check if two numbers are amicable.
-We have also defined an auxiliary function,
-to find the 'sum' of the proper divisors of a number.
-"""
-
-
-def sum_of_divisors(number: int) -> int:
-    """
-    Find the sum of the proper divisors of a number.
-
-    Examples:
-    >>> sum_of_divisors(220)
-    284
-    >>> sum_of_divisors(284)
-    220
-    """
-    sum = 0
-    for i in range(1, number):
-        if number % i == 0:
-            sum += i
-
-    return sum
-
-
-def is_amicable_pair(number_1: int, number_2: int) -> bool:
-    """
-    Check if two numbers (number_1 and number_2) are amicable.
-    Arguments must be positive integers.
-
-    Examples:
-    >>> is_amicable_pair(220, 284)
-    True
-    >>> is_amicable_pair(1184, 1210)
-    True
-    >>> is_amicable_pair(127, 729)
-    False
-    >>> is_amicable_pair(7, 13)
-    False
-    >>> is_amicable_pair(0, 12)
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-    ValueError: Numbers must be positive integers.
-    >>> is_amicable_pair(12, -1)
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-        ...
-    ValueError: Numbers must be positive integers.
-    >>> is_amicable_pair(42, 42)
-    False
-    """
-    if number_1 <= 0 or number_2 <= 0:
-        raise ValueError("Numbers must be positive integers.")
-
-    if sum_of_divisors(number_1) == number_2 and sum_of_divisors(number_2) == number_1:
-        return True
-    else:
-        return False
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    import doctest
-
-    doctest.testmod()

From c05ed7cc8a6821315b477abb6161dd8e993d8a29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <barunparua@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 21:54:51 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 16/33] changed name of file and added code improvements

---
 ...olecules.py => speeds_of_gas_molecules.py} | 38 +++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
 rename physics/{avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py => speeds_of_gas_molecules.py} (75%)

diff --git a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py b/physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py
similarity index 75%
rename from physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
rename to physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py
index 3157741208e9..004670148530 100644
--- a/physics/avg_and_mps_speeds_of_gaseous_molecules.py
+++ b/physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py
@@ -46,10 +46,8 @@
 temperature and molar mass of the gas.
 """
 
-# necessary constants
-PI = 3.1415926535  # pi
-R = 8.3144626181  # gas constant
-
+# import the constants R and PI from the scipy.constants library
+from scipy.constants import R, pi as PI
 
 def avg_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
     """
@@ -58,16 +56,24 @@ def avg_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
 
     Examples:
     >>> avg_speed_of_molecule(273, 0.028) # nitrogen at 273 K
-    454.34887551126405
+    454.3488755020387
     >>> avg_speed_of_molecule(300, 0.032) # oxygen at 300 K
-    445.5257273482451
+    445.52572733919885
+    >>> avg_speed_of_molecule(-273, 0.028) # invalid temperature
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    Exception: Absolute temperature cannot be less than 0 K
+    >>> avg_speed_of_molecule(273, 0) # invalid molar mass
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    Exception: Molar mass should be greater than 0 kg/mol
     """
+
     if temperature < 0:
         raise Exception("Absolute temperature cannot be less than 0 K")
     if molar_mass <= 0:
         raise Exception("Molar mass should be greater than 0 kg/mol")
-    else:
-        return (8 * R * temperature / (PI * molar_mass)) ** 0.5
+    return (8 * R * temperature / (PI * molar_mass)) ** 0.5
 
 
 def mps_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
@@ -77,16 +83,24 @@ def mps_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
 
     Examples:
     >>> mps_speed_of_molecule(273, 0.028) # nitrogen at 273 K
-    402.6562070215111
+    402.65620701908966
     >>> mps_speed_of_molecule(300, 0.032) # oxygen at 300 K
-    394.83689555229637
+    394.836895549922
+    >>> mps_speed_of_molecule(-273, 0.028) # invalid temperature
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    Exception: Absolute temperature cannot be less than 0 K
+    >>> mps_speed_of_molecule(273, 0) # invalid molar mass
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    Exception: Molar mass should be greater than 0 kg/mol
     """
+
     if temperature < 0:
         raise Exception("Absolute temperature cannot be less than 0 K")
     if molar_mass <= 0:
         raise Exception("Molar mass should be greater than 0 kg/mol")
-    else:
-        return (2 * R * temperature / molar_mass) ** 0.5
+    return (2 * R * temperature / molar_mass) ** 0.5
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

From 886fb5d37f6290c2c51d0db8846d38e4c2befe53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 16:25:28 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 17/33] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py b/physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py
index 004670148530..18de1f466cc1 100644
--- a/physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py
+++ b/physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
 # import the constants R and PI from the scipy.constants library
 from scipy.constants import R, pi as PI
 
+
 def avg_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
     """
     Takes the temperature (in K) and molar mass (in kg/mol) of a gas

From 97b89cdfdfe4024afcc29eeda08bdce268fffe28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <barunparua@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 21:57:34 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 18/33] issues fixed due to pi

---
 physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py b/physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py
index 004670148530..c73201767001 100644
--- a/physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py
+++ b/physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@
 temperature and molar mass of the gas.
 """
 
-# import the constants R and PI from the scipy.constants library
-from scipy.constants import R, pi as PI
+# import the constants R and pi from the scipy.constants library
+from scipy.constants import R, pi
 
 def avg_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
     """
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def avg_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:
         raise Exception("Absolute temperature cannot be less than 0 K")
     if molar_mass <= 0:
         raise Exception("Molar mass should be greater than 0 kg/mol")
-    return (8 * R * temperature / (PI * molar_mass)) ** 0.5
+    return (8 * R * temperature / (pi * molar_mass)) ** 0.5
 
 
 def mps_speed_of_molecule(temperature: float, molar_mass: float) -> float:

From 1c2b7b2e5f905a8257725cfe39806f87936e2594 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <barunparua@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Oct 2023 22:24:17 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 19/33] requested changes added

---
 physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py | 15 ++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py b/physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py
index 92cc607da9cd..a50d1c0f6d76 100644
--- a/physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py
+++ b/physics/speeds_of_gas_molecules.py
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 """
-The root-mean-square, average and most probable speeds are derived from
-the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is a
-probability distribution that describes the distribution of speeds for particles
-in a gas.
+The root-mean-square, average and most probable speeds of gas molecules are
+derived from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The Maxwell-Boltzmann
+distribution is a probability distribution that describes the distribution of
+speeds of particles in an ideal gas.
+
 The distribution is given by the following equation:
 
         -------------------------------------------------
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@
 from 0 to infinity and dividing by the total number of molecules. The result is:
 
         ---------------------
-        | vavg = √8RT/πM    |
+        | vavg = √(8RT/πM)  |
         ---------------------
 
 The most probable speed is the speed at which the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@
 distribution with respect to v and setting the result equal to zero. The result is:
 
         ---------------------
-        | vmp = √2RT/M      |
+        | vmp = √(2RT/M)    |
         ---------------------
 
 The root-mean-square speed is another measure of the average speed
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@
 of the average of the squares of the speeds of the molecules. The result is:
 
         ---------------------
-        | vrms = √3RT/m     |
+        | vrms = √(3RT/M)   |
         ---------------------
 
 Here we have defined functions to calculate the average and

From 2052af0b32f67561b8f414c3a6b7edb17dddcf30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <76466796+Baron105@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Oct 2023 10:52:38 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 20/33] Created doppler_effect_of_sound.py

---
 physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py | 99 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 99 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py

diff --git a/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py b/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bb8eb399f5e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+"""
+Doppler's effect
+
+The Doppler effect (also Doppler shift) is the change in the frequency of a wave
+in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave.
+The Doppler effect is named after the physicist Christian Doppler.
+A common example of Doppler shift is the change of pitch heard when
+a vehicle sounding a horn approaches and recedes from an observer.
+
+The reason for the Doppler effect is that when the source of the waves
+is moving towards the observer, each successive wave crest is emitted from a position
+closer to the observer than the crest of the previous wave.
+Therefore, each wave takes slightly less time to reach the observer
+than the previous wave. Hence, the time between the arrivals of successive
+wave crests at the observer is reduced, causing an increase in the frequency.
+Similarly, if the source of waves is moving away from the observer,
+each wave is emitted from a position farther from the observer than the previous wave,
+so the arrival time between successive waves is increased, reducing the frequency.
+
+Now, if the source of waves is stationary but the observer is moving with respect
+to the source, the transmission velocity of the waves changes
+(ie the rate at which the observer receives waves) even if the wavelength
+and frequency emitted from the source remain constant.
+
+All these results are summarized by the Doppler formula:
+
+    f = (f0 * (v + v0)) / (v - vs)
+    
+where:
+    f: frequency of the wave
+    f0: frequency of the wave when the source is stationary
+    v: velocity of the wave in the medium
+    v0: velocity of the observer, positive if the observer is moving towards the source
+    vs: velocity of the source, positive if the source is moving towards the observer
+    
+Doppler's effect has many applications in physics and engineering,
+such as radar, astronomy, medical imaging and seismology.
+
+References:
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect
+
+Now, we will implement a function that calculates the frequency of a wave as a function
+of the frequency of the wave when the source is stationary, the velocity of the wave
+in the medium, the velocity of the observer and the velocity of the source.
+"""
+
+def doppler_effect(f0: float, v: float, v0: float, vs: float) -> float:
+    """
+    Input Parameters:
+    -----------------
+    f0: frequency of the wave when the source is stationary
+    v: velocity of the wave in the medium
+    v0: velocity of the observer, positive if the observer is moving towards the source
+    vs: velocity of the source, positive if the source is moving towards the observer
+
+    Returns:
+    --------
+    f: frequency of the wave as perceived by the observer
+
+    Docstring Tests:
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 0) #observer moving towards the source
+    103.03030303030303
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, -10, 0) #observer moving away from the source
+    96.96969696969697
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 0, 10) #source moving towards the observer
+    103.125
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 0, -10) #source moving away from the observer
+    97.05882352941177
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 10) #observer and source moving towards each other
+    106.25
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, -10, -10) #observer and source moving away
+    94.11764705882354
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 330) #source moving at the same speed as the wave
+    Error: Division by zero
+    Infinite frequency implies vs = v and observer infront of the source
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 340) #source moving faster than the wave
+    Error: Negative frequency
+    Negative frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v (in opposite direction)
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, -340, 10) #observer moving faster than the wave
+    Error: Negative frequency
+    Negative frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v (in opposite direction)
+    """
+
+    try:
+        f = (f0 * (v + v0)) / (v - vs)
+    except ZeroDivisionError:
+        print("Error: Division by zero")
+        print("Infinite frequency implies vs = v and observer infront of the source")
+        return None
+    if f < 0:
+        print("Error: Negative frequency")
+        print("Negative frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v (in opposite direction)")
+        return None
+    return f
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import doctest
+
+    doctest.testmod()

From efe1055739c6f144e276aee23fa9d55c8e76189f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Oct 2023 05:27:04 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 21/33] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py b/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
index bb8eb399f5e8..3e148f519d2f 100644
--- a/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
+++ b/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@
 All these results are summarized by the Doppler formula:
 
     f = (f0 * (v + v0)) / (v - vs)
-    
+
 where:
     f: frequency of the wave
     f0: frequency of the wave when the source is stationary
     v: velocity of the wave in the medium
     v0: velocity of the observer, positive if the observer is moving towards the source
     vs: velocity of the source, positive if the source is moving towards the observer
-    
+
 Doppler's effect has many applications in physics and engineering,
 such as radar, astronomy, medical imaging and seismology.
 
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 in the medium, the velocity of the observer and the velocity of the source.
 """
 
+
 def doppler_effect(f0: float, v: float, v0: float, vs: float) -> float:
     """
     Input Parameters:
@@ -93,6 +94,7 @@ def doppler_effect(f0: float, v: float, v0: float, vs: float) -> float:
         return None
     return f
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest
 

From 03e3c0c97e03ec1f2f55a9f0da0f028987a9964f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <76466796+Baron105@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Oct 2023 10:59:10 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 22/33] Updated doppler_effect_of_sound.py

---
 physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py b/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
index 3e148f519d2f..a776b80dd5a2 100644
--- a/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
+++ b/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@
 in the medium, the velocity of the observer and the velocity of the source.
 """
 
-
 def doppler_effect(f0: float, v: float, v0: float, vs: float) -> float:
     """
     Input Parameters:
@@ -94,7 +93,6 @@ def doppler_effect(f0: float, v: float, v0: float, vs: float) -> float:
         return None
     return f
 
-
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest
 

From 664095f72148dfe7085896065a293c92de46ee84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Oct 2023 05:29:44 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 23/33] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py b/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
index a776b80dd5a2..3e148f519d2f 100644
--- a/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
+++ b/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 in the medium, the velocity of the observer and the velocity of the source.
 """
 
+
 def doppler_effect(f0: float, v: float, v0: float, vs: float) -> float:
     """
     Input Parameters:
@@ -93,6 +94,7 @@ def doppler_effect(f0: float, v: float, v0: float, vs: float) -> float:
         return None
     return f
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest
 

From 728a37891a46c62599d0927313bbc716e3463e83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <76466796+Baron105@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Oct 2023 11:12:41 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 24/33] added desc names

---
 physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py | 40 ++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py b/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
index 3e148f519d2f..550ca3122bde 100644
--- a/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
+++ b/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
@@ -44,15 +44,17 @@
 in the medium, the velocity of the observer and the velocity of the source.
 """
 
-
-def doppler_effect(f0: float, v: float, v0: float, vs: float) -> float:
+def doppler_effect(org_freq: float,
+                   wave_vel: float,
+                   obs_vel: float,
+                   src_vel: float) -> float:
     """
     Input Parameters:
     -----------------
-    f0: frequency of the wave when the source is stationary
-    v: velocity of the wave in the medium
-    v0: velocity of the observer, positive if the observer is moving towards the source
-    vs: velocity of the source, positive if the source is moving towards the observer
+    org_freq: frequency of the wave when the source is stationary
+    wave_vel: velocity of the wave in the medium
+    obs_vel: velocity of the observer, positive if the observer is moving towards the source
+    src_vel: velocity of the source, positive if the source is moving towards the observer
 
     Returns:
     --------
@@ -74,26 +76,28 @@ def doppler_effect(f0: float, v: float, v0: float, vs: float) -> float:
     >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 330) #source moving at the same speed as the wave
     Error: Division by zero
     Infinite frequency implies vs = v and observer infront of the source
+    0.0
     >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 340) #source moving faster than the wave
-    Error: Negative frequency
-    Negative frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v (in opposite direction)
+    Error: Non-positive frequency
+    Non-positive frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v(in opposite direction)
+    0.0
     >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, -340, 10) #observer moving faster than the wave
-    Error: Negative frequency
-    Negative frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v (in opposite direction)
+    Error: Non-positive frequency
+    Non-positive frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v(in opposite direction)
+    0.0
     """
 
     try:
-        f = (f0 * (v + v0)) / (v - vs)
+        doppler_freq = (org_freq * (wave_vel + obs_vel)) / (wave_vel - src_vel)
     except ZeroDivisionError:
         print("Error: Division by zero")
         print("Infinite frequency implies vs = v and observer infront of the source")
-        return None
-    if f < 0:
-        print("Error: Negative frequency")
-        print("Negative frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v (in opposite direction)")
-        return None
-    return f
-
+        return 0.0
+    if doppler_freq <= 0:
+        print("Error: Non-positive frequency")
+        print("Non-positive frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v(in opposite direction)")
+        return 0.0
+    return doppler_freq
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest

From a56688b2ccfae647bb269686274af694cb44cda5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Oct 2023 05:43:14 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 25/33] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py | 9 +++++----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py b/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
index 550ca3122bde..e54bc7b7031a 100644
--- a/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
+++ b/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@
 in the medium, the velocity of the observer and the velocity of the source.
 """
 
-def doppler_effect(org_freq: float,
-                   wave_vel: float,
-                   obs_vel: float,
-                   src_vel: float) -> float:
+
+def doppler_effect(
+    org_freq: float, wave_vel: float, obs_vel: float, src_vel: float
+) -> float:
     """
     Input Parameters:
     -----------------
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ def doppler_effect(org_freq: float,
         return 0.0
     return doppler_freq
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest
 

From 006761f55ea5edb947803dafb2ecb0d125460b2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <76466796+Baron105@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Oct 2023 11:14:23 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 26/33] fixed spacing

---
 physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py | 13 ++++++-------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py b/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
index e54bc7b7031a..1f69d72cc017 100644
--- a/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
+++ b/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
@@ -44,17 +44,17 @@
 in the medium, the velocity of the observer and the velocity of the source.
 """
 
-
-def doppler_effect(
-    org_freq: float, wave_vel: float, obs_vel: float, src_vel: float
-) -> float:
+def doppler_effect(org_freq: float,
+                   wave_vel: float,
+                   obs_vel: float,
+                   src_vel: float) -> float:
     """
     Input Parameters:
     -----------------
     org_freq: frequency of the wave when the source is stationary
     wave_vel: velocity of the wave in the medium
-    obs_vel: velocity of the observer, positive if the observer is moving towards the source
-    src_vel: velocity of the source, positive if the source is moving towards the observer
+    obs_vel: velocity of the observer, +ve if the observer is moving towards the source
+    src_vel: velocity of the source, +ve if the source is moving towards the observer
 
     Returns:
     --------
@@ -99,7 +99,6 @@ def doppler_effect(
         return 0.0
     return doppler_freq
 
-
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest
 

From ba5a96bc6617ac4ec68f88636f19376da7bce7bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Oct 2023 05:44:59 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 27/33] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py | 9 +++++----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py b/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
index 1f69d72cc017..03c8db1804c4 100644
--- a/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
+++ b/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@
 in the medium, the velocity of the observer and the velocity of the source.
 """
 
-def doppler_effect(org_freq: float,
-                   wave_vel: float,
-                   obs_vel: float,
-                   src_vel: float) -> float:
+
+def doppler_effect(
+    org_freq: float, wave_vel: float, obs_vel: float, src_vel: float
+) -> float:
     """
     Input Parameters:
     -----------------
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ def doppler_effect(org_freq: float,
         return 0.0
     return doppler_freq
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import doctest
 

From 620b03f1200c396317c6a4512d63d4414c430752 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Barun Parua <76466796+Baron105@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Oct 2023 20:56:29 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 28/33] renamed doppler_effect_of_sound.py to
 doppler_frequency.py

---
 physics/{doppler_effect_of_sound.py => doppler_frequency.py} | 0
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename physics/{doppler_effect_of_sound.py => doppler_frequency.py} (100%)

diff --git a/physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py b/physics/doppler_frequency.py
similarity index 100%
rename from physics/doppler_effect_of_sound.py
rename to physics/doppler_frequency.py

From 8947a2ab72acd53b5609108afa37b64c807cc3a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <barunparua@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Oct 2023 21:37:05 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 29/33] used expection handling rather than print statements

---
 physics/doppler_frequency.py | 35 +++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/doppler_frequency.py b/physics/doppler_frequency.py
index 03c8db1804c4..707ac74e0a44 100644
--- a/physics/doppler_frequency.py
+++ b/physics/doppler_frequency.py
@@ -74,29 +74,28 @@ def doppler_effect(
     >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, -10, -10) #observer and source moving away
     94.11764705882354
     >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 330) #source moving at the same speed as the wave
-    Error: Division by zero
-    Infinite frequency implies vs = v and observer infront of the source
-    0.0
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ZeroDivisionError: Division by zero implies vs = v and observer infront of the source
     >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 340) #source moving faster than the wave
-    Error: Non-positive frequency
-    Non-positive frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v(in opposite direction)
-    0.0
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Non-positive frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v(in opposite direction)
     >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, -340, 10) #observer moving faster than the wave
-    Error: Non-positive frequency
-    Non-positive frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v(in opposite direction)
-    0.0
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Non-positive frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v(in opposite direction)
     """
 
-    try:
-        doppler_freq = (org_freq * (wave_vel + obs_vel)) / (wave_vel - src_vel)
-    except ZeroDivisionError:
-        print("Error: Division by zero")
-        print("Infinite frequency implies vs = v and observer infront of the source")
-        return 0.0
+    if wave_vel == src_vel:
+        raise ZeroDivisionError(
+            "Division by zero implies vs = v and observer infront of the source"
+        )
+    doppler_freq = (org_freq * (wave_vel + obs_vel)) / (wave_vel - src_vel)
     if doppler_freq <= 0:
-        print("Error: Non-positive frequency")
-        print("Non-positive frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v(in opposite direction)")
-        return 0.0
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Non-positive frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v(in opposite direction)"
+        )
     return doppler_freq
 
 

From 72988ae6bc6a1928e197f431921692c0594f8c50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Baron105 <barunparua@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Oct 2023 21:39:32 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 30/33] fixed spacing for ruff

---
 physics/doppler_frequency.py | 10 +++++-----
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/doppler_frequency.py b/physics/doppler_frequency.py
index 707ac74e0a44..089d86060955 100644
--- a/physics/doppler_frequency.py
+++ b/physics/doppler_frequency.py
@@ -76,25 +76,25 @@ def doppler_effect(
     >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 330) #source moving at the same speed as the wave
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
-    ZeroDivisionError: Division by zero implies vs = v and observer infront of the source
+    ZeroDivisionError: Division by zero implies vs=v and observer infront of the source
     >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 340) #source moving faster than the wave
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
-    ValueError: Non-positive frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v(in opposite direction)
+    ValueError: Non-positive frequency implies vs>v or v0>v(in opposite direction)
     >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, -340, 10) #observer moving faster than the wave
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
-    ValueError: Non-positive frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v(in opposite direction)
+    ValueError: Non-positive frequency implies vs>v or v0>v(in opposite direction)
     """
 
     if wave_vel == src_vel:
         raise ZeroDivisionError(
-            "Division by zero implies vs = v and observer infront of the source"
+            "Division by zero implies vs=v and observer infront of the source"
         )
     doppler_freq = (org_freq * (wave_vel + obs_vel)) / (wave_vel - src_vel)
     if doppler_freq <= 0:
         raise ValueError(
-            "Non-positive frequency implies vs > v or v0 > v(in opposite direction)"
+            "Non-positive frequency implies vs>v or v0>v(in opposite direction)"
         )
     return doppler_freq
 

From 36909a159d8c890f47c0138ea08863db1db1765e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Oct 2023 00:20:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 31/33] Update doppler_frequency.py

This is super slick!  Well done.
---
 physics/doppler_frequency.py | 67 ++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/doppler_frequency.py b/physics/doppler_frequency.py
index 089d86060955..2a761c72d9b8 100644
--- a/physics/doppler_frequency.py
+++ b/physics/doppler_frequency.py
@@ -1,28 +1,27 @@
 """
 Doppler's effect
 
-The Doppler effect (also Doppler shift) is the change in the frequency of a wave
-in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave.
-The Doppler effect is named after the physicist Christian Doppler.
-A common example of Doppler shift is the change of pitch heard when
-a vehicle sounding a horn approaches and recedes from an observer.
-
-The reason for the Doppler effect is that when the source of the waves
-is moving towards the observer, each successive wave crest is emitted from a position
-closer to the observer than the crest of the previous wave.
-Therefore, each wave takes slightly less time to reach the observer
-than the previous wave. Hence, the time between the arrivals of successive
-wave crests at the observer is reduced, causing an increase in the frequency.
-Similarly, if the source of waves is moving away from the observer,
+The Doppler effect (also Doppler shift) is the change in the frequency of a wave in
+relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave.  The Doppler
+effect is named after the physicist Christian Doppler.  A common example of Doppler
+shift is the change of pitch heard when a vehicle sounding a horn approaches and
+recedes from an observer.
+
+The reason for the Doppler effect is that when the source of the waves is moving
+towards the observer, each successive wave crest is emitted from a position closer to
+the observer than the crest of the previous wave.  Therefore, each wave takes slightly
+less time to reach the observer than the previous wave. Hence, the time between the
+arrivals of successive wave crests at the observer is reduced, causing an increase in
+the frequency.  Similarly, if the source of waves is moving away from the observer,
 each wave is emitted from a position farther from the observer than the previous wave,
 so the arrival time between successive waves is increased, reducing the frequency.
 
-Now, if the source of waves is stationary but the observer is moving with respect
-to the source, the transmission velocity of the waves changes
-(ie the rate at which the observer receives waves) even if the wavelength
-and frequency emitted from the source remain constant.
+If the source of waves is stationary but the observer is moving with respect to the
+source, the transmission velocity of the waves changes (ie the rate at which the
+observer receives waves) even if the wavelength and frequency emitted from the source
+remain constant.
 
-All these results are summarized by the Doppler formula:
+These results are all summarized by the Doppler formula:
 
     f = (f0 * (v + v0)) / (v - vs)
 
@@ -33,8 +32,8 @@
     v0: velocity of the observer, positive if the observer is moving towards the source
     vs: velocity of the source, positive if the source is moving towards the observer
 
-Doppler's effect has many applications in physics and engineering,
-such as radar, astronomy, medical imaging and seismology.
+Doppler's effect has many applications in physics and engineering, such as radar,
+astronomy, medical imaging, and seismology.
 
 References:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect
@@ -61,40 +60,40 @@ def doppler_effect(
     f: frequency of the wave as perceived by the observer
 
     Docstring Tests:
-    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 0) #observer moving towards the source
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 0)  # observer moving towards the source
     103.03030303030303
-    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, -10, 0) #observer moving away from the source
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, -10, 0)  # observer moving away from the source
     96.96969696969697
-    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 0, 10) #source moving towards the observer
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 0, 10)  # source moving towards the observer
     103.125
-    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 0, -10) #source moving away from the observer
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 0, -10)  # source moving away from the observer
     97.05882352941177
-    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 10) #observer and source moving towards each other
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 10)  # source & observer moving towards each other
     106.25
-    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, -10, -10) #observer and source moving away
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, -10, -10)  # source and observer moving away
     94.11764705882354
-    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 330) #source moving at the same speed as the wave
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 330)  # source moving at same speed as the wave
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
-    ZeroDivisionError: Division by zero implies vs=v and observer infront of the source
-    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 340) #source moving faster than the wave
+    ZeroDivisionError: Division by zero implies vs=v and observer in front of the source
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, 10, 340)  # source moving faster than the wave
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
-    ValueError: Non-positive frequency implies vs>v or v0>v(in opposite direction)
-    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, -340, 10) #observer moving faster than the wave
+    ValueError: Non-positive frequency implies vs>v or v0>v (in the opposite direction)
+    >>> doppler_effect(100, 330, -340, 10)  # observer moving faster than the wave
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
-    ValueError: Non-positive frequency implies vs>v or v0>v(in opposite direction)
+    ValueError: Non-positive frequency implies vs>v or v0>v (in the opposite direction)
     """
 
     if wave_vel == src_vel:
         raise ZeroDivisionError(
-            "Division by zero implies vs=v and observer infront of the source"
+            "Division by zero implies vs=v and observer in front of the source"
         )
     doppler_freq = (org_freq * (wave_vel + obs_vel)) / (wave_vel - src_vel)
     if doppler_freq <= 0:
         raise ValueError(
-            "Non-positive frequency implies vs>v or v0>v(in opposite direction)"
+            "Non-positive frequency implies vs>v or v0>v (in the opposite direction)"
         )
     return doppler_freq
 

From 7a01a8a6dfe5060a6a284dffd0d02c2645b25068 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Oct 2023 00:29:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 32/33] Update perfect_number.py

---
 maths/special_numbers/perfect_number.py | 53 ++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/maths/special_numbers/perfect_number.py b/maths/special_numbers/perfect_number.py
index 148e988fb4c5..488d95d211d4 100644
--- a/maths/special_numbers/perfect_number.py
+++ b/maths/special_numbers/perfect_number.py
@@ -14,21 +14,64 @@
 
 def perfect(number: int) -> bool:
     """
+    Check if a number is a perfect number.
+
+    A perfect number is a positive integer that is equal to the sum of its proper
+    divisors (excluding itself).
+
+    Args:
+        number: The number to be checked.
+
+    Returns:
+        True if the number is a perfect number otherwise, False.
+    Start from 1 because dividing by 0 will raise ZeroDivisionError.
+    A number at most can be divisible by the half of the number except the number
+    itself. For example, 6 is at most can be divisible by 3 except by 6 itself.
+    Examples:
     >>> perfect(27)
     False
     >>> perfect(28)
     True
     >>> perfect(29)
     False
-
-    Start from 1 because dividing by 0 will raise ZeroDivisionError.
-    A number at most can be divisible by the half of the number except the number
-    itself.  For example, 6 is at most can be divisible by 3 except by 6 itself.
+    >>> perfect(6)
+    True
+    >>> perfect(12)
+    False
+    >>> perfect(496)
+    True
+    >>> perfect(8128)
+    True
+    >>> perfect(0)
+    False
+    >>> perfect(-1)
+    False
+    >>> perfect(12.34)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    ValueError: number must be an integer
+    >>> perfect("Hello")
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    ValueError: number must be an integer
     """
+    if not isinstance(number, int):
+        raise ValueError("number must be an integer")
+    if number <= 0:
+        return False
     return sum(i for i in range(1, number // 2 + 1) if number % i == 0) == number
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
+    from doctest import testmod
+
+    testmod()
     print("Program to check whether a number is a Perfect number or not...")
-    number = int(input("Enter number: ").strip())
+    try:
+        number = int(input("Enter a positive integer: ").strip())
+    except ValueError:
+        msg = "number must be an integer"
+        print(msg)
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
     print(f"{number} is {'' if perfect(number) else 'not '}a Perfect Number.")

From f29ded98fad9b3b7846fa2ec5834e9edd2fb217d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Oct 2023 00:30:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 33/33] Rename perceptron.py to perceptron.py.DISABLED

---
 neural_network/{perceptron.py => perceptron.py.DISABLED} | 0
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename neural_network/{perceptron.py => perceptron.py.DISABLED} (100%)

diff --git a/neural_network/perceptron.py b/neural_network/perceptron.py.DISABLED
similarity index 100%
rename from neural_network/perceptron.py
rename to neural_network/perceptron.py.DISABLED